I’ve always been fascinated by the theme of intelligence. As a child, my mother, I would be as “intelligent relate, but I quickly realized that all parents send their children to see so clever. Over time, I would say that all children are not intelligent, just like all babies are not cute. If this were the case, we would have a world full of beautiful, intelligent people – we have not.
Some of us are smart, but not as smart as we think, and some are wiser than it looks, I wonder how we can define, makes Intelligent? What makes a person more intelligent than others? When “street smart” are more important than quirky book? Can you both smart and stupid? Smart is more influenced by genetics or environment?
Ago then the issues of education, intelligence and wisdom.
What it means to establish strong and what is the difference between well-educated and highly intelligent? Does this sound very intelligent, highly educated, you automatically and is it very intelligently, without properly trained? Have IQ really mean anything? What makes a person wise? Why wisdom is generally associated with the age?
My desire to seek answers to these questions have inspired many hours of intensive research, which included the reading of six books, hundreds of research papers and countless hours on the Internet, which over the lifetime of study and past research, the pioneers in the fields of intelligence and education, as Howard Gardner, Richard Sternberg, Linda S. Gottfredson, Thomas Sowell , Alfie Kohn, Diane F. Halpern and their work cited in this article.
My goal was simple: accumulate synthesize data and define what it means to be intelligent, educated and intelligent, so they are understood and used by anyone for their benefit. “
Prenatal ; In this sense, there was a better (more appropriate) place at the beginning the beginning of our existence as a fetus in the uterus. There is a reason why they should called “prenatal diagnosis”, which occurs, ie, existing or completed before birth.
There is increasing evidence that consumption of foods rich in iron, both before and during pregnancy is essential for brain development before birth. The researchers found a strong association between iron deficiency during pregnancy and reduced IQ. The iron-rich foods are lima beans pinto beans, white beans, spinach, asparagus, broccoli, seafood, nuts, dried fruit, oatmeal, and fortified cereals.
children with iron status in the womb (in utero) lower scores on all tests and had the language skills significantly lower, tracking and fine motor skills than children with high levels of prenatal iron. In essence, adequate prenatal care critical to the development of cognitive skills.
capacity cognitive
Cognitive skills are the basic mental abilities we use to think, explore and. Learning They include a variety of mental processes used to be, do not forget to analyze the sounds and images, memory information, make connections between different information and maintain the focus on certain tasks. They can be individually identified and measured. cognitive strength and effectiveness is directly correlated with the ease of student learning.
< ; strong> drinking, pregnancy and mental IMPACT
<; / p> Drinking during pregnancy is not intelligent. In fact, it’s just stupid. ” br />
A study in Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research has found that even slightly moderate drinking – especially during the second quarter – with lower intelligence quotient in the offspring associated in 10. This was particularly pronounced among African-American rather than Caucasian offspring.
“IQ is a measure of the child’s ability to learn and survive in its environment. It predicts the likelihood of success in school and in everyday life. Even if a small but significant proportion of children diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) each year, many more children to alcohol during pregnancy, does not meet the criteria set for FAS deficits still experience growth and cognitive function, “said Jennifer A. Willford, assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Paul D. Connor, clinical director of the Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit and assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at a University of Washington on the issue: />
This is an important finding, which speaks directly to the definition (psychological) of intelligence, later in this article.
<; strong> ultrasonic
p have shown that frequent exposure to ultrasound waves associated with human fetal a decrease in body weight of newborn, an increased frequency of left-and language delay.
Because ultrasound energy is a high-frequency Schwingung researchers, mechanical speculated that perhaps aufgestellt, /> affect the migration of neurons in a developing fetus. neurons in mammals, increase early fetal development and then migrate to their final destinations. could any disturbance or interruption of the process result of abnormal brain function.
commercial companies (what do ultrasound for “souvenirs” for) are now more powerful ultrasound machines are capable of popular 3D and 4D. The process takes longer, so they try to make videos of 30 minutes of the fetus in the uterus.
The main stream magazine New Scientist reported the following: the U.S. can prevent cells from dividing, and they commit suicide. have routine scans, doctors can examine the internal organs and fetuses during the last 40 years for the normal cell cycle.
On the FDA Web site This information is displayed on the ultrasound:
While ultrasound has been around for many years, pregnant women and their families need to know that long term effects of repeated ultrasound exposures on the fetus are not fully known. Given all that remains unknown, with a prenatal ultrasound for nonmedical reasons is not a good idea.
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nature in relation to care … The debate continues
Now that you know of a few known factors that define, improve, and the impact of intellectual development of the fetus, it Time to design. Once the baby is born, the more crucial in the development of intelligence is the following: the nature (genetic) or treatment (environment)?
Clearly, scientists for centuries and psychologists have happened before and behind this. I have read many studies and comprehensive reports on the subject during the research phase on this article, and I think it is time to put this debate to rest. Both nature and nurture are equally important and must be fully be observed in the mental development of children. This should never either proposal – why take the risk?
A recent study shows that early intervention at home and in the classroom can raise a big difference for a child in extreme poverty, according to Eric Turckheim, a psychologist at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. The study concludes that although the genetic makeup, most IQ differences explain to children in wealthy families, the environment – not genes – provides a greater difference for children from minority groups in homes low income.
More precisely, what the researchers “inheritance” – the level of genes affect IQ appeal – was significantly lower for poor families. “Once you put in an appropriate environment, you start to take your genes,” said Mr. Turkheim, but in poor environments, genes do not have this capability. “
But there are conflicting reports that these findings … Art
Linda S. Gottfredson, a professor of science education University of Delaware, wrote in his article, The General Intelligence Factor environments shared by siblings have little to do with IQ. Many people still believe incorrectly that the social, psychological and economic differences between families create deep and lasting differences in IQ.
They found that behavior geneticists refer, the effects on the environment, such as “shared” because they are common to brothers and sisters growing up. Your reports that the heritability of IQ increases with age, that is to say to what extent the increase in accounts genetic IQ differences among individuals, the elderly.
In her article, she also refers to studies comparison identical and fraternal twins in the last ten years by a group of Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., University of Minnesota and other researchers have published show that yields about 40 percent of IQ differences among children of preschool age of genetic differences, but the heritability increases of 60 percent and 80 percent of the adolescence to late adulthood.
And perhaps the most interesting piece of information, and relevant for this part of my story: With differences age between individuals developed their intelligence more accurately mirror their genetic differences. It seems that the effects of fading of the environment on intelligence, rather than grow with time.
Bouchard concludes that young children pay the circumstances of their lives to them by parents, schools and other actors in society, but as people age, they become more independent and tend to seek to preserve life, the niches are the most, the appeal of their genetic propensities.
studied lactation INTELLIGENCE RAISES
p Christchurch School of Medicine in New Zealand more than 1000 children from April to August 1977 born. During the period from birth to one year, they collected information on how these children were fed.
The children were then followed 18 years. Over the years, researchers have taken a series of cognitive information and scientific children, including IQ, teacher ratings of academic performance in reading and math and standardized test scores in reading, mathematics and academic skills. The researchers also saw the number of varieties in the past High school exams at the end of the third year reaches taken in high school.
The results showed that children were over, breast-Fed, more they have done such tests.
talking to your children DIFFERENCE
Thomas Sowell facts the author of Race, IQ, Black Crime, Liberals and ignorant to discover some fascinating information that every parent should take note. He writes:
It is a strong argument that American blacks suffer from a number of adverse conditions. Studies repeatedly show that before going to school, black children are exposed on average to a small vocabulary than white children, partly to socioeconomic factors.
<, br Although children from households exposed to professionals in general a total capacity of 2,150 different words each day />, the children of working families, households exposed to 1250, and children from households on welfare do />
Mr. Sowell continues: Black children are obviously not to blame for their socio -economic conditions, but something beyond the economic situation is at work in the homes of black. Black people are not signatories to the “great task” of the white middle class – the constant search for spiritual growth to promote and get their child into Harvard or Oxbridge
Elsie Moore of Arizona State University, Phoenix, studies of black children adopted either black or white parents, who were all professional middle class. Until the age of 7. five years, the houses were black IQ points 13 behind the people who brought to the White House.
accrued benefits <,>
/ / strong> At this point in my research, it occurred to me, and should instead be able to clarify many Children are predisposed to be intelligent, educated, intelligent, just by their exposure factors that determine long before they start school.
A mother informed, to prenatal care, well-educated parents communication and an environment conducive to live in, add to the cumulative benefits to formulate the mental skills. As you can see, some kids have an unfair advantage from the beginning .
Malcolm Gladwell, author of the bestseller The outliers, writing that “accrued benefits” are possible with arbitrary rules … and such an unfair advantage are everywhere. “These are they who are successful, the more likely given the nature of the social opportunities that will lead to greater success is,” he wrote. “It is the rich who get the biggest tax breaks. It is the best students receive the best education and more attention. “
In this sense, we turn our attention to education and intelligence.
What Does it mean, many studies to become?
Alfie Kohn, author of What it means to be educated? the question The text referring to a well-trained quality of education you get, or something about you and is it known what you learned or what you remember
I support all well-trained in the application, implementation and use of information. The information should be used for the knowledge, and as we’ve all heard the c ‘ is power.
Most people are given the sorry state of education in this country on a map. We tell our children that nothing is more important than to be a “good” education and each year because of state budget shortfalls, teachers are developed, condensed class schools are closed and many educational programs – especially those that help the disadvantaged – are cut.
The reality is that we do not really value education. We appreciate it as a business, an industry, munitions policy and was accepted as a form of discrimination, but not what was intended: a means to enrich his character and life through learning.
What we value about being a company that offers athletes and entertainment. The fact that a professional athlete makes more money in one season, when most teachers are in each region to make their career is shameful. It is always money for new stadiums to be built, but never enough to raise a decent teacher (and deserved).
go Ironically, the best teachers are not in the profession for money. They teach because it is a profession. Most of them have been affected by a very good teacher as a student. With the mass exodus of teachers, many students are unable to the mentoring relationships they were able because many are funded by the profession to grow – voluntarily or involuntarily – the average starting within three years.
At the secondary level, where I think />
This mentality carries over to college, which are, of course, to pass a test you must be registered (SAT or ACT). This explains why so students are more concerned about a course than to learn from him. They will always be concentrated “A” and the degree rather than diploma-thinkers. The latter, of those most requested by employers and may include Most of the self-employed. The state of mind “Get-the-good-grade” is directly linked to the relentless and often useless tests that our students face in schools.
Alfie Kohn speaks for itself The exhibition “of learning, where students showing their understanding through in-depth projects, portfolios of assignments, and other events.
It is based on a model developed by Ted Sizer and Deborah Meier. Meier the importance of students with five “habits of mind”, which means that the value of raising questions about the evidence (emphasis added: “How can we know what we know?”), view (“point of view that this represents?”), connections (“How is this context that? “), acceptance (” How could it be otherwise?) and relevance (“Why is it important?”).
Kohn wrote: This Only the ability to raise and answer these questions, the question of whether, but also the desire to do so. Moreover, a group of intellectual objectives, any description of what they think deeply and essential means to be a reference to the interest or intrinsic motivation to think about it … are well trained then have the desire and means to ensure that learning never stops …> ;
history and purpose of IQ
We have always wanted to measure intelligence. Ironically, if you have some of the earliest methods to pretend to be assessed in the 1800s, they were not, well, very intelligent. to submit to tactics like the people of various forms of torture, see what his pain threshold (more than they could resist a face, the smarter you are believed to be), or test your ability to produce a tone to acknowledge that others do not listen .
Things have changed can be … or have they?
No discussion of intelligence or IQ, without mention of Alfred Binet, a psychologist, French was responsible for the foundation full IQ test in 1904. His original intention was to test, diagnose learning problems of students in France would be prepared. The results of tests were then used to prepare special programs to help students overcome their academic difficulties.
; It was never designed as an absolute measure of intellectual ability can be used.
After Binet intelligence can not be described as a single score. He said that the use of intelligence quotient (IQ) as a definitive statement of powers a child would be a serious intellectual error. In addition, fears that Binet IQ measurement would be used to condemn a child to a permanent “condition” of stupidity, what a negative effect on her education and livelihood. ” br />
The initial interest was to assess the mental age “- the average level of intelligence of a person of a certain age. His creation, the Binet-Simon Test ( originally as “standard”), formed the model for future tests of intelligence.
HH Goddard, director of research at Vineland Training School in New Jersey Binet works translated into English and called for a general application of Simon-Binet test. Unlike Binet, Goddard intelligence as a loner, a fixed entity and innate that could be measured. With the help of Lewis Terman Stanford University, the final product, published in 1916 Stanford Revision of Binet-Simon Scale of Intelligence (also known as the Stanford-Binet known), is a test of normal intelligence in the U.S. .
It is important to note that the error on IQ is that it is fixed and can not be changed. The fact is that IQ scores are known to vary – two from top to bottom in their lives. That does not mean that you become more or less intelligent, it simply means that you are better tested in a day than others.
< br /> Another thing to know about IQ tests: Have you racist purposes since their introduction in the U.S. Many of those who believed in the import and refining of these tests that IQ is inherited and involved, have been used, are responsible for feeding the illusion that it is a “fixed” now.
<, br /> Many immigrants were tested in the 1920s and the IQ tests miserably. Consequently, many of them refused to enter the United States or have been forced sterilization of people fear America with “stupid” and “inferior” babies have been submitted. If you recall, tests designed for white, middle-class Americans. Who do you think would be most difficult when they
Lewis Terman developed the original concept of IQ and proposed this scale for classifying IQ scores:
000-070: Definite feeble-mindedness
070-079: Borderline deficiency
080-089: 090-109 dullness
normal intelligence or average 110-119: superior intelligence 115-124
: above the average (eg students)
125-134: With (eg postgraduate students)
, 145-154: Genius (for example)
155-164: Genius (eg, Nobel laureate)
165-179: High
180-200 Engineering: engineering the highest
200 -?: immeasurable genius br
* Genius IQ is generally considered to begin at about 140-145, which is only 25 % of population (1400), was valid.
* Einstein as “just” an IQ of approximately 160th
Defining Business < , br /> Diane F. Halpern, a psychologist and former president of the American Psychological Association (APA), wrote in his essay review of intelligent people can be so stupid Why, which, in general, we recognize as intelligent people, if they have a combination of these benefits (1) good grades in school, (2) a high level of education, (3) property, a complex task (4) any other intelligent recognition, winning prestigious awards such as reading or earn high wages, (5) the ability of complex texts with good understanding, (6) solve difficult problems and new.
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During my research, and the first steps in this article, I came across many definitions of the word “intelligence.” Some were long, short. Some could I even understand. The definition most widely used is that of the APA, which is the ability to adapt to its environment, create and learn from mistakes.
What about Do you? It is the word the new environment. We can not seem to escape. This adds a deeper sense of the word: “When in Rome do as the Romans do.” means to recognize what is happening in your environment, and with the intelligence game – and people who occupy it – to survive and succeed in it.
There are also many forms of intelligence. Above all created by Dr. Howard Gardner, professor of education at Harvard University.
Dr. Gardner believes (and I agree) that our schools and culture focus Most of their attention on the linguistic intelligence and logical-mathematical. We appreciate very articulate or logical people of our culture. However, said Dr Gardner, we also need the same attention to be placed on individuals, donations in the other intelligences: the artists, architects, musicians, naturalists, designers, dancers, therapists, entrepreneurs and others that the world in which we live, enriching entertainment.
< , br /> He said that the traditional notion of intelligence based on IQ test, too limited, and has created the theory of multiple intelligences in 1983 to a wider range of human potential in children and adults has been considered.
These intelligences are:
-linguistic intelligence (“word smart”) < br />-Logical-mathematical intelligence (“chip number / reasoning smart”)
Spatial Intelligence (“picture”)
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (“Body Smart”) < br /> and the musical intelligence (“music smart”)
Interpersonal intelligence (“people smart”) <; br
intrapersonal intelligence (self smart “)
naturalist intelligence (” nature smart “) />
No connection to Dr. Gardner, but also> ways:
fluid and crystallized intelligence
According About. com, a psychologist Raymond Cattell proposed first Terms of fluid and crystallized intelligence and developed the theory of John Horn. . . . .